਍㰀吀䄀䈀䰀䔀  䌀伀䰀匀倀䔀䌀㴀∀䰀 䰀 䰀 䰀∀ 䈀䜀䌀伀䰀伀刀㴀∀⌀昀昀昀昀昀昀∀ 一䄀䴀䔀㴀∀一愀瘀椀最愀琀椀漀渀∀ 䈀伀刀䐀䔀刀㴀　 䌀䔀䰀䰀匀倀䄀䌀䤀一䜀㴀　 䌀䔀䰀䰀倀䄀䐀䐀䤀一䜀㴀　 圀䤀䐀吀䠀㴀∀㔀　㐀∀ 唀一䤀吀匀㴀倀䤀堀䔀䰀匀㸀ഀഀഀ ਍㰀吀䐀 䌀伀䰀匀倀䄀一㴀㈀ 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㄀㐀㘀㸀ഀഀഀ ਍㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀഀ ਍㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀椀洀洀椀最爀愀琀椀漀渀ⴀ甀猀愀⸀挀漀洀⼀椀琀愀⸀栀琀洀氀∀㸀㰀椀洀最 戀漀爀搀攀爀㴀　 猀爀挀㴀∀椀琀氀漀最漀㠀㈀⸀最椀昀∀ 愀氀琀㴀∀䤀吀䄀 䠀漀洀攀 倀愀最攀∀㸀㰀⼀愀㸀ഀഀഀ ਍㰀琀搀 䌀伀䰀匀倀䄀一㴀㈀ 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㄀㐀㜀㸀ഀഀഀ ਍㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀഀ ਍㰀戀爀㸀ഀഀഀ ਍㰀吀䐀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㜀㌀㸀ഀഀഀ ਍㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀഀ ਍㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀猀瀀愀渀椀猀栀⸀栀琀洀氀∀㸀㰀椀洀最 戀漀爀搀攀爀㴀　 猀爀挀㴀∀攀猀瀀愀渀琀愀戀⸀最椀昀∀ 愀氀琀㴀∀䔀猀瀀愀漀氀∀㸀㰀⼀愀㸀ഀഀഀ ਍㰀琀搀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㄀　㌀㸀ഀഀഀ ਍㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀഀ ਍㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀搀攀猀椀最渀⸀栀琀洀氀∀㸀㰀椀洀最 戀漀爀搀攀爀㴀　 猀爀挀㴀∀眀攀戀琀愀戀⸀最椀昀∀ 愀氀琀㴀∀䤀吀䄀 圀攀戀 倀愀最攀 䐀攀猀椀最渀∀㸀㰀⼀愀㸀ഀഀഀ ਍㰀琀搀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㜀㌀㸀㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀爀攀猀漀甀爀挀攀⸀栀琀洀氀∀㸀㰀椀洀最 戀漀爀搀攀爀㴀　 猀爀挀㴀∀氀愀眀琀愀戀⸀最椀昀∀ 愀氀琀㴀∀䤀洀洀椀最爀愀琀椀漀渀 䰀愀眀∀㸀㰀⼀愀㸀ഀഀഀ ਍㰀琀搀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㜀㐀㸀㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀眀眀眀愀搀猀⸀栀琀洀氀∀㸀㰀椀洀最 戀漀爀搀攀爀㴀　 猀爀挀㴀∀愀搀瘀攀爀琀愀戀⸀最椀昀∀ 愀氀琀㴀∀䄀搀瘀攀爀琀椀猀攀∀㸀㰀⼀愀㸀ഀഀഀ ਍㰀⼀琀爀㸀ഀഀഀ ਍㰀⼀挀攀渀琀攀爀㸀ഀഀഀ


਍㰀䌀䔀一吀䔀刀㸀ഀഀഀ

Immigrant Entrepreneurs

਍㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㈀∀㸀 䘀爀漀洀 㰀椀㸀刀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 倀攀爀猀瀀攀挀琀椀瘀攀猀 漀渀 䴀椀最爀愀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 嘀漀氀⸀ ㄀Ⰰ 一漀⸀ ㈀Ⰰ 䌀愀爀渀攀最椀攀 䔀渀搀漀眀洀攀渀琀 昀漀爀 䤀渀琀攀爀渀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 倀攀愀挀攀 ⴀⴀ 䤀渀琀攀爀渀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 䴀椀最爀愀琀椀漀渀 倀漀氀椀挀礀 倀爀漀樀攀挀琀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀 瀀攀爀洀椀猀猀椀漀渀⸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀ഀഀഀ

਍㰀䰀䤀㸀䤀洀洀椀最爀愀渀琀猀 漀昀琀攀渀 栀愀瘀攀 瀀攀爀猀漀渀愀氀 挀栀愀爀愀挀琀攀爀椀猀琀椀挀猀 猀椀洀椀氀愀爀 琀漀ഀഀഀ those of entrepreneurs.਍㰀戀爀㸀㰀戀爀㸀ഀഀഀ
• In every decennial census from 1880 to 1990, immigrants are਍洀漀爀攀 氀椀欀攀氀礀 琀漀 戀攀 猀攀氀昀ⴀ攀洀瀀氀漀礀攀搀 琀栀愀渀 渀愀琀椀瘀攀猀⸀ഀഀഀ
  
  ਍㰀䰀䤀㸀䐀愀琀愀 愀爀攀 猀漀爀攀氀礀 氀愀挀欀椀渀最 漀渀 琀栀攀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 樀漀戀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 愀洀漀甀渀琀ഀഀഀ of wealth that immigrant entrepreneurs create, on the forward਍愀渀搀 戀愀挀欀眀愀爀搀 攀挀漀渀漀洀椀挀 氀椀渀欀愀最攀猀 琀栀攀礀 昀漀猀琀攀爀 眀椀琀栀椀渀 琀栀攀 渀愀琀椀漀渀✀猀ഀഀഀ economy, and on the export/import trade they develop with their਍栀漀洀攀 挀漀甀渀琀爀椀攀猀⸀ഀഀഀ
  
  ਍㰀䰀䤀㸀䤀洀瀀爀攀猀猀椀漀渀椀猀琀椀挀 搀愀琀愀 椀渀搀椀挀愀琀攀 琀栀愀琀 椀洀洀椀最爀愀渀琀 昀椀爀洀猀 愀爀攀 甀猀甀愀氀氀礀ഀഀഀ quite small and tend to employ co-ethnics and family. Nevertheless,਍琀栀攀礀 愀爀攀 猀甀昀昀椀挀椀攀渀琀氀礀 瀀漀眀攀爀昀甀氀 椀渀 琀栀攀 愀最最爀攀最愀琀攀 琀漀 栀愀瘀攀 爀攀瘀椀琀愀氀椀稀攀搀ഀഀഀ many neighborhoods, particularly in hard-hit urban areas.਍㰀戀爀㸀㰀戀爀㸀ഀഀഀ
• Evidence suggests that over the last three decades, immigrants਍栀愀瘀攀 瀀氀愀礀攀搀 愀 猀椀最渀椀昀椀挀愀渀琀 爀漀氀攀 椀渀 爀攀瘀攀爀猀椀渀最 琀栀攀 渀愀琀椀漀渀眀椀搀攀 搀攀挀氀椀渀攀ഀഀഀ in the rate of non-farm self-employment.਍㰀戀爀㸀㰀戀爀㸀ഀഀഀ
• There are great variations in the self-employment rates of਍搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 椀洀洀椀最爀愀渀琀 愀渀搀 攀琀栀渀椀挀 最爀漀甀瀀猀⸀ 刀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀攀爀猀 搀椀猀愀最爀攀攀 愀戀漀甀琀ഀഀഀ the reason for this variation, with some proposing that it is਍琀栀攀 爀攀猀甀氀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 栀甀洀愀渀 漀爀 昀椀渀愀渀挀椀愀氀 挀愀瀀椀琀愀氀 漀昀 椀渀搀椀瘀椀搀甀愀氀 椀洀洀椀最爀愀渀琀猀Ⰰഀഀഀ and others suggesting that immigrant communities are themselves਍搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀椀愀氀 猀漀甀爀挀攀猀 漀昀 攀渀琀爀攀瀀爀攀渀攀甀爀椀愀氀 攀渀攀爀最礀⸀ഀഀഀ
  
  ਍㰀䰀䤀㸀刀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀攀爀猀 愀氀猀漀 搀椀猀愀最爀攀攀 愀戀漀甀琀 琀栀攀 渀愀琀甀爀攀 愀渀搀 瀀漀琀攀渀琀椀愀氀 漀昀ഀഀഀ the immigrant firm. Overall, the immigrant firm seems neither਍琀漀 攀砀瀀氀漀椀琀 渀漀爀 昀愀瘀漀爀 挀漀ⴀ攀琀栀渀椀挀猀Ⰰ 眀栀椀氀攀 漀昀昀攀爀椀渀最 琀栀攀 猀攀氀昀ⴀ攀洀瀀氀漀礀攀搀ഀഀഀ an opportunity for socio-economic advancement.਍㰀戀爀㸀㰀戀爀㸀ഀഀഀ
• If the social capital embedded in relationships of solidarity਍愀渀搀 琀爀甀猀琀 愀洀漀渀最 挀漀ⴀ攀琀栀渀椀挀猀 椀猀 椀渀 昀愀挀琀 愀 猀椀最渀椀昀椀挀愀渀琀 猀漀甀爀挀攀 漀昀ഀഀഀ economic strength, it may be a key "missing ingredient"਍椀渀 洀椀渀漀爀椀琀礀 瀀漀瘀攀爀琀礀 愀渀愀氀礀猀攀猀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 栀愀瘀攀 琀礀瀀椀挀愀氀氀礀 昀漀挀甀猀攀搀 漀渀ഀഀഀ perceived individual or societal flaws, rather than on the communities਍眀椀琀栀椀渀 眀栀椀挀栀 椀渀搀椀瘀椀搀甀愀氀猀 氀椀瘀攀⸀ഀഀഀ

਍吀栀攀 挀漀洀瀀氀攀琀攀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀 挀愀渀 戀攀 瘀椀攀眀攀搀 㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀挀攀椀瀀⸀漀爀最⼀瀀爀漀最爀愀洀猀⼀洀椀最爀愀琀⼀爀瀀洀㈀猀甀洀⸀栀琀洀∀㸀㰀戀㸀簀䠀䔀刀䔀簀㰀⼀戀㸀㰀⼀愀㸀ഀഀഀ
਍㰀挀攀渀琀攀爀㸀ഀഀഀ ਍㰀戀爀㸀ഀഀഀ Immigration USA citizenship legal immigrant Law visa United States welfare Software LEGAL citizenship welfare LAW WIndows 95 Immigration USA legal Law visa United States citizenship Software LEGAL LAW WIndows 95 Immigration USA legal immigrant Law visa United States Software LEGAL LAW WIndows 95 Immigration USA citizenship legal immigrant Law visa United States Software LEGAL LAW WIndows 95 Immigration USA legal citizenship Law visa United States Software LEGAL LAW WIndows 95 Immigration USA legal Law visa United States Software LEGAL LAW WIndows 95 Immigration USA legal Law visa United States Software LEGAL LAW WIndows 95 Immigration ਍㰀戀爀㸀ഀഀഀ ਍㰀猀挀爀椀瀀琀 琀礀瀀攀㴀∀琀攀砀琀⼀樀愀瘀愀猀挀爀椀瀀琀∀㸀㰀℀ⴀⴀഀഀഀ google_ad_client = "pub-7437757543052749";਍⼀⨀ 㜀㈀㠀砀㤀　Ⰰ 挀爀攀愀琀攀搀 㠀⼀㈀㄀⼀　㠀 ⨀⼀ഀഀഀ google_ad_slot = "7022832775";਍最漀漀最氀攀开愀搀开眀椀搀琀栀 㴀 㜀㈀㠀㬀ഀഀഀ google_ad_height = 90;਍⼀⼀ⴀⴀ㸀ഀഀഀ ਍㰀猀挀爀椀瀀琀 琀礀瀀攀㴀∀琀攀砀琀⼀樀愀瘀愀猀挀爀椀瀀琀∀ഀഀഀ src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js">਍㰀⼀猀挀爀椀瀀琀㸀ഀഀഀ
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