Economy - overview:
Foreign direct investment in Mongolia's extractive industries – which are based on extensive deposits of copper, gold, coal, molybdenum, fluorspar, uranium, tin, and tungsten - has transformed Mongolia's landlocked economy from its traditional dependence on herding and agriculture. Exports now account for more than half of GDP. Mongolia depends on China for more than 60% of its external trade - China receives some 90% of Mongolia's exports and supplies Mongolia with more than one-third of its imports. Mongolia also relies on Russia for 90% of its energy supplies, leaving it vulnerable to price increases. Remittances from Mongolians working abroad, particularly in South Korea, are significant.Soviet assistance, at its height one-third of GDP, disappeared almost overnight in 1990 and 1991 at the time of the dismantlement of the USSR. The following decade saw Mongolia endure both deep recession, because of political inaction, and natural disasters, as well as strong economic growth, because of market reforms and extensive privatization of the formerly state-run economy. The country opened a fledgling stock exchange in 1991. Mongolia joined the WTO in 1997 and seeks to expand its participation in regional economic and trade regimes.Growth averaged nearly 9% per year in 2004-08 largely because of high copper prices globally and new gold production. By late 2008, Mongolia was hit by the global financial crisis and Mongolia's real economy contracted 1.3% in 2009. In early 2009, the IMF reached a $236 million Stand-by Arrangement with Mongolia and it emerged from the crisis with a stronger banking sector and better fiscal management. In October 2009, Mongolia passed long-awaited legislation on an investment agreement to develop the Oyu Tolgoi (OT) mine, among the world's largest untapped copper-gold deposits. However, a dispute with foreign investors developing OT called into question the attractiveness of Mongolia as a destination for foreign investment. This caused a severe drop in FDI, and a slowing economy, leading to the dismissal of Prime Minister ALTANKHUYAG in November 2014. The economy had grown more than 10% per year between 2011 and 2013 - largely on the strength of commodity exports and high government spending - before slowing to 7.8% in 2014 and 2.3% in 2015.The current government has made restoring investor trust and reviving the economy its top priority, but has failed to invigorate the economy in the face of the large drop off in foreign direct investment. Mongolia's economy faces near-term economic risks from the government's loose fiscal and monetary policies, from uncertainties in foreign demand for Mongolian exports, and on Mongolia's ability to access financing. The May 2015 agreement with Rio Tinto to restart the OT mine and the subsequent $4.4 billion finance package signing in December 2015 have served to increase investor confidence but are unlikely to overcome the downward economic pressures in the short term.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$36.65 billion (2016 est.) $36.64 billion (2015 est.) $35.79 billion (2014 est.)
note: data are in 2016 dollars
country comparison to the world: 121
[see also: GDP country ranks ]

GDP (official exchange rate):
$11.16 billion (2015 est.)
[see also: GDP (official exchange rate) country ranks ]

GDP - real growth rate:
0% (2016 est.) 2.4% (2015 est.) 7.9% (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 196
[see also: GDP - real growth rate country ranks ]

GDP - per capita (PPP):
$12,200 (2016 est.) $12,300 (2015 est.) $12,200 (2014 est.)
note: data are in 2016 dollars
country comparison to the world: 123
[see also: GDP - per capita country ranks ]

Gross national saving:
21.2% of GDP (2016 est.) 21.1% of GDP (2015 est.) 23.4% of GDP (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 76
[see also: Gross national saving country ranks ]

GDP - composition, by end use:
household consumption: 57.6%
[see also: GDP - composition, by end use - household consumption country ranks ]
government consumption: 12.1%
[see also: GDP - composition, by end use - government consumption country ranks ]
investment in fixed capital: 19.9%
[see also: GDP - composition, by end use - investment in fixed capital country ranks ]
investment in inventories: 7.4%
[see also: GDP - composition, by end use - investment in inventories country ranks ]
exports of goods and services: 40.1%
[see also: GDP - composition, by end use - exports of goods and services country ranks ]
imports of goods and services: -37.1% (2016 est.)
[see also: GDP - composition, by end use - imports of goods and services country ranks ]

GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
agriculture: 14.6%
[see also: GDP - composition, by sector of origin - agriculture country ranks ]
industry: 35.1%
[see also: GDP - composition, by sector of origin - industry country ranks ]
services: 50.3% (2016 est.)
[see also: GDP - composition, by sector of origin - services country ranks ]

Agriculture - products:
wheat, barley, vegetables, forage crops; sheep, goats, cattle, camels, horses

Industries:
construction and construction materials; mining (coal, copper, molybdenum, fluorspar, tin, tungsten, gold); oil; food and beverages; processing of animal products, cashmere and natural fiber manufacturing

Industrial production growth rate:
4.9% (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 36
[see also: Industrial production growth rate country ranks ]

Labor force:
1.164 million (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 140
[see also: Labor force country ranks ]

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture: 28.6%
[see also: Labor force - by occupation - agriculture country ranks ]
industry: 21%
[see also: Labor force - by occupation - industry country ranks ]
services: 50.4% (2014)
[see also: Labor force - by occupation - services country ranks ]

Unemployment rate:
8.3% (2015 est.) 4.8% (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 94
[see also: Unemployment rate country ranks ]

Population below poverty line:
21.6% (2014 est.)
[see also: Population below poverty line country ranks ]

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 3%
[see also: Household income or consumption by percentage share - lowest 10% country ranks ]
highest 10%: 28.4% (2008)
[see also: Household income or consumption by percentage share - highest 10% country ranks ]

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
36.5 (2008) 32.8 (2002)
country comparison to the world: 83
[see also: Distribution of family income - Gini index country ranks ]

Budget:
revenues: $2.868 billion
[see also: Budget revenues country ranks ]
expenditures: $4.035 billion (2016 est.)
[see also: Budget expenditures country ranks ]

Taxes and other revenues:
25.7% of GDP (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 112
[see also: Taxes and other revenues country ranks ]

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
-10.5% of GDP (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 202
[see also: Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-) country ranks ]

Public debt:
72% of GDP (31 September 2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 42
[see also: Public debt country ranks ]

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2.4% (2016 est.) 5.8% (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 124
[see also: Inflation rate (consumer prices) country ranks ]

Central bank discount rate:
12% (14 January 2016 ) 13% (15 January 2015)
country comparison to the world: 16
[see also: Central bank discount rate country ranks ]

Commercial bank prime lending rate:
19.3% (31 December 2016 est.) 19.56% (31 December 2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 20
[see also: Commercial bank prime lending rate country ranks ]

Stock of narrow money:
$935 million (31 December 2016 est.) $844.4 million (31 December 2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 155
[see also: Stock of narrow money country ranks ]

Stock of broad money:
$5.822 billion (31 December 2016 est.) $5.035 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 125
[see also: Stock of broad money country ranks ]

Stock of domestic credit:
$7.354 billion (31 December 2016 est.) $8.048 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 110
[see also: Stock of domestic credit country ranks ]

Market value of publicly traded shares:
$632.6 million (31 December 2015 est.) $766.1 million (31 December 2014 est.) $1.095 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 109
[see also: Market value of publicly traded shares country ranks ]

Current account balance:
-$1.241 billion (2016 est.) -$567 million (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 130
[see also: Current account balance country ranks ]

Exports:
$4.319 billion (2016 est.) $4.619 billion (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 111
[see also: Exports country ranks ]

Exports - commodities:
copper, apparel, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides, fluorspar, other nonferrous metals, coal, crude oil

Exports - partners:
China 84%, Switzerland 9% (2015)

Imports:
$3.003 billion (2016 est.) $3.512 billion (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 141
[see also: Imports country ranks ]

Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, fuel, cars, food products, industrial consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, cigarettes and tobacco, appliances, soap and detergent

Imports - partners:
China 39.9%, Russia 28.4%, Japan 6.4%, South Korea 6.2% (2015)

Debt - external:
$18.67 billion (31 December 2016 est.) $18.16 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 94
[see also: Debt - external country ranks ]

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
$17.62 billion (31 December 2016 est.) $16.89 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 82
[see also: Stock of direct foreign investment - at home country ranks ]

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
$379.4 million (31 December 2016 est.) $367.4 million (31 December 2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 88
[see also: Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad country ranks ]

Exchange rates:
togrog/tugriks (MNT) per US dollar - 2,011 (2016 est.) 1,970.3 (2015 est.) 1,970.3 (2014 est.) 1,817.9 (2013 est.) 1,357.6 (2012 est.)