Area comparison map:

slightly smaller than West Virginia

Land boundaries:
total: 1,543 km
[see also: Land boundaries - total country ranks ]
border countries (3): Croatia 956 km, Montenegro 242 km, Serbia 345 km

Coastline:
20 km
[see also: Coastline country ranks ]

Maritime claims:
NA

Climate:
hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast
More Climate Details

Terrain:
mountains and valleys

Elevation:
mean elevation: 500 m
[see also: Elevation - mean elevation country ranks ]
lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
highest point: Maglic 2,386 m

Natural resources:
coal, iron ore, antimony, bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, cobalt, manganese, nickel, clay, gypsum, salt, sand, timber, hydropower

Land use:
agricultural land: 42.2% (2011 est.)
[see also: Land use - agricultural land country ranks ]
arable land: 19.7% (2011 est.)
[see also: Land use - arable land country ranks ]
permanent crops: 2% (2011 est.)
[see also: Land use - permanent crops country ranks ]
permanent pasture: 20.5% (2011 est.)
[see also: Land use - permanent pasture country ranks ]
forest: 42.8% (2011 est.)
[see also: Land use - forest country ranks ]
other: 15% (2011 est.)
[see also: Land use country ranks ]

Irrigated land:
30 sq km (2012)
[see also: Irrigated land country ranks ]

Population distribution:
the northern and central areas of the country are the most densely populated

Natural hazards:
destructive earthquakes

Environment - current issues:
air pollution; deforestation and illegal logging; inadequate wastewater treatment and flood management facilities; sites for disposing of urban waste are limited; land mines left over from the 1992-95 civil strife are a hazard in some areas

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
within Bosnia and Herzegovina's recognized borders, the country is divided into a joint Bosniak/Croat Federation (about 51% of the territory) and the Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska or RS (about 49% of the territory); the region called Herzegovina is contiguous to Croatia and Montenegro, and traditionally has been settled by an ethnic Croat majority in the west and an ethnic Serb majority in the east