deforestation (overuse of wood for fuel and lack of alternatives); forest degradation; soil erosion; contaminated water (with human and animal wastes, agricultural runoff, and industrial effluents); unmanaged solid-waste; wildlife conservation; vehicular emissions
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Marine Life Conservation
particulate matter emissions: 94.33 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)
carbon dioxide emissions: 9.11 megatons (2016 est.)
methane emissions: 41.15 megatons (2020 est.)
varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to subtropical summers and mild winters in south
agricultural land: 28.8% (2018 est.)
arable land: 15.1% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 1.2% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 12.5% (2018 est.)
forest: 25.4% (2018 est.)
other: 45.8% (2018 est.)
urban population: 21.9% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 3.09% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
forest revenues: 0.45% of GDP (2018 est.)
coal revenues: 0% of GDP (2018 est.)
degree of risk: high (2020)
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: Japanese encephalitis, malaria, and dengue fever
municipal solid waste generated annually: 1,768,977 tons (2016 est.)
Indian Ocean drainage: Brahmaputra (651,335 sq km), Ganges (1,016,124 sq km), Indus (1,081,718 sq km)
Indus-Ganges-Brahmaputra Basin
municipal: 147.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)
industrial: 29.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)
agricultural: 9.32 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)
210.2 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)
NOTE: The information regarding Nepal on this page is re-published from the 2022 World Fact Book of the United States Central Intelligence Agency and other sources. No claims are made regarding the accuracy of Nepal 2022 information contained here. All suggestions for corrections of any errors about Nepal 2022 should be addressed to the CIA or the source cited on each page.
This page was last modified 01 Dec 23, Copyright © 23 ITA all rights reserved.