Area comparison map:

almost four times the size of Georgia; slightly less than twice the size of Arizona

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
4,828 km
[see also: Coastline country ranks ]

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
[see also: Maritime claims - territorial sea country ranks ]
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
[see also: Maritime claims - exclusive economic zone country ranks ]
contiguous zone: 24 nm
[see also: Maritime claims - contiguous zone country ranks ]
continental shelf: 200 nm or 100 nm from the 2,500-m isobath
[see also: Maritime claims - continental shelf country ranks ]

Climate:
tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in south
More Climate Details

Terrain:
narrow coastal plain, high plateau and mountains in center

Elevation:
mean elevation: 615 m
[see also: Elevation - mean elevation country ranks ]
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Maromokotro 2,876 m

Natural resources:
graphite, chromite, coal, bauxite, rare earth elements, salt, quartz, tar sands, semiprecious stones, mica, fish, hydropower

Land use:
agricultural land: 71.1% (2011 est.)
[see also: Land use - agricultural land country ranks ]
arable land: 6% (2011 est.)
[see also: Land use - arable land country ranks ]
permanent crops: 1% (2011 est.)
[see also: Land use - permanent crops country ranks ]
permanent pasture: 64.1% (2011 est.)
[see also: Land use - permanent pasture country ranks ]
forest: 21.5% (2011 est.)
[see also: Land use - forest country ranks ]
other: 7.4% (2011 est.)
[see also: Land use country ranks ]

Irrigated land:
10,860 sq km (2012)
[see also: Irrigated land country ranks ]

Population distribution:
most of population lives on the eastern half of the island; significant clustering is found in the central highlands and eastern coastline

Natural hazards:
periodic cyclones; drought; and locust infestation

volcanism: Madagascar's volcanoes have not erupted in historical times

Environment - current issues:
erosion and soil degredation results from deforestation and overgrazing; desertification; agricultural fires; surface water contaminated with raw sewage and other organic wastes; wildlife preservation (endangered species of flora and fauna unique to the island)

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
world's fourth-largest island; strategic location along Mozambique Channel; despite Madagascar’s close proximity to the African continent, ocean currents isolate the island resulting in high rates of endemic plant and animal species; approximately 90% of the flora and fauna on the island are found nowhere else